(Russian Ural’skiye Gory), mountain chain in Russia, extending about 2400 km (about 1500 mi) from its northern boundary at the Arctic Ocean to its southern limits at the steppes of Kazakstan, traditionally separating the continents of Europe and Asia. The chain is divided roughly into four main divisions: the Polar, Northern, Middle, and Southern Urals. The Polar Urals (above latitude 64° North) are treeless arctic tundra. Northern Urals (latitude 64° North to latitude 61° North) constitute a distinct craggy, treeless, narrow range with crests averaging 305 to 460 m (1000 to 1500 ft) in height. This range contains the highest Ural crest, Gora Narodnaya (1894 m/6214 ft). Other Northern peaks include Mount Sablya, Telpos-Iz, and Isherim. The only trees in the area are sparse growths of larch (a type of pine tree).
Numerous plateaus, characterized by broad, flat, marshy valleys, extend in the southwestern direction from the southern limits of Northern Urals. The entire Middle Ural region (latitude 61° North to latitude 60° North) is covered with dense coniferous forests. A succession of northeastern mountain chains marks the northern boundary of Middle Urals. The southern boundary is marked by numerous hills of 305 to 610 m (1000 to 2000 ft) separated by deep ravines. The Konzhakovskiy Kamen, 1571 m (5154 ft) high, is the highest peak of both the northern and southern portions of Middle Urals. Dense forests, rich soils, and fertile valleys cover the entire area.
The south of Middle Urals (latitude 55° North to latitude 51° North) are three parallel mountain chains called the Southern Urals. The first of these, the Urals proper, is a low chain ranging in height from about 670 to 850 m (about 2200 to 2800 ft). To the west, a higher range, containing many rivers, reaches a height of 1594 m (5230 ft) and is paralleled farther west by an equally high range. All three ranges are heavily wooded with deciduous plant life and contain rich pasturelands. The Urals continue from latitude 51° North toward the Volga River and, under the name of Obshchiy Syrt, comprise a system of plateaus reaching 460 m (1500 ft) in the height and 322 km (200 mi) in the width. The south of the Ural River, the Ural chain appears as a group of independent ranges.
Geologically, the Urals are the worn-down stumps of an ancient range that rose toward the end of the Paleozoic era, 250 million years ago (see Permian Period), while the American Appalachian Mountains were forming. The divisions of the range reflect distinct episodes in this ancient upheaval, which squeezed thick sedimentary rock layers into large northern-southern trending folds, then faulted and intruded them with a variety of igneous rocks.
The Urals region occupies an area of eight hundred and twenty thousand square kilometres (one and a half times the size of France), and encompasses the Urals mountains, which form the natural boundary between European Russia and western Siberia. The climate is continental, with an average winter temperature of -15o Celsius and summer temperature of +20o Celsius. The region, with a population of approximately twenty million people, lies about one and a half thousand kilometres east of Moscow.
The Urals economic region is the second largest in Russia and is known as the industrial heart of Russia. All main branches of the economy are well represented; agriculture and agribusiness, forestry, textiles, oil and gas, metal extraction and processing, light industry and the space and arms industries. The region has over thirty institutes or centres of research, mostly located in Ekaterinburg, where Boris Yeltsin was mayor. The city has a population of 1.4 million has historically formed the region's focal point.
The region itself is well served by rail links, and the main electrified line to Moscow takes approximately 27 hours travel time. Primary roads ranging from good to poor in quality connect all major cities. Secondary roads are generally of very poor quality. The main airport in the region recently began international flights, with Lufthansa airlines flying twice a week to Frankfurt.
The Urals region is one of the richest in the world in terms of natural resources. Over a thousand types of minerals are found there, including rich reserves of oil and deposits of precious metals. The number of mines exceeds twelve thousand. Out of the fifty-five elements of the periodic table which are economically significant, forty-eight are present in the Urals. Significant investment was made by the Soviet Government in the exploitation of the region's rich deposits of iron, copper, chrome and nickel ores, potassium salts, precious metals and coal and oil fields.
Timber is also abundant and the soils are richer than in central Russia. The harsh climate has an adverse effect on the agricultural development of the region, with the growing season lasting only four to five months, resulting in crop failures, harvesting and storage problems. However this type of climate is well suited to the production of high quality durable soft woods.
Industry is dominated by Defense extractive industries, but also contains a diversified range of medium sized enterprises in electrical goods, precision engineering, chemicals, pharmaceuticals and food processing. The average industrial enterprise in the region employs about one thousand people. Many still function with excess labour forces, a result of communist "full-employment" policies.
In the extractive industries many of the processes and operations are uneconomical and were developed to exploit over-abundant resources on the basis of very cheap energy prices. The enterprises in the region mainly aim to serve the Russian market, but already possess the resources to serve the European if not the global market. Again enterprises are actively seeking Western assistance and involvement for this purpose.
The demand for consumer and food products is great and there are good opportunities available for prospective exporters to the region. Direct investment is also possible but is usually restricted to 49% of the company's stock, the other 51% must be Russian owned with certain exceptions. Russian companies are keen to purchase or lease Western production technologies. The financial service infrastructure of the region is relatively under-developed, but is improving all the time. A number of new and aggressive merchant banks have sprung up in the region which provide an adequate range of services. Recently Bank of Ireland set up a number of ATM's in the city of Yfa for a local bank, and all areas of banking are developing rapidly.
A number of companies are involved in direct trade with the region from Ireland. One of the first was Russtrade Limited in October 1992. Based in Dublin, with strategic alliances in Moscow, Ekaterinburg and Chelyabinsk, the company deals mainly in export to Russia of goods and equipment and also provides contact and consultancy services for Russian and Irish or other Western companies. The main problems the company has encountered are the relatively poor infrastructure of the region in terms of both physical links and telecommunications and the absence of any investment guarantee mechanism for potential investors. Local authorities are considering a proposed investment guarantee fund using as collateral a 10% tax on all precious metal and gem extraction, which it is hoped will increase the region's attractiveness to foreign investors.
Organised crime has not been a problem for foreign investors in the region. Unlike Moscow or Leningrad, very few outsiders have moved into the region in the past seventy years, so that gangs bound by family and ethnic ties, most famously the Chechens in Moscow, do not exist here. The vast security apparatus created to guard the Soviet Defense industries remains in place to protect business and government.
Important industrial areas are located in Middle and Southern Urals. Intensive industrialization in the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) began during World War II (1939-1945), when many industries were established to develop armaments production centers far from the military zone.
The Ural economic region consists of the Sverdlovsk, Perm, Cheliabinsk, Kurgan, Orenburg regions and two republics: Udmurtia and Bashkortostan.
The main railway roads from Europe to Siberia, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia pass through the Ural economic region. The total area of the region is more than 2 million square km (which is more than 1/10 of the whole territory of Russia). The population is more than 23 million people (more than 1/15 of the whole population of Russia). 17 million people live in cities. The biggest cities with population more than 1 mln are Ekaterinburg (Yekaterinburg), Perm, Ufa, Cheliabinsk. Also, among the important industrial cities are Magnitogorsk, Orenburg and Nizhny Tagil.
Rich mineral resources are considered to be the basis of the Ural industry: about 1000 kinds of minerals, more than 12 thousand deposits of mineral resources containing iron ore and coal in close proximity, as well as rich deposits of chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, bauxite, platinum, silver, gold, precious stones, diamonds. This area holds the leading position in Russia as the most rich in mineral resources. Just to the east of the Urals is a major oil-producing area.
Availability of unique mineral resources and favorable geographical position has contributed to creation of powerful economic and scientific basis. Almost all branches of economy are represented in the region. More than 10 million people work in these branches. The region’s specialization is production of items pertaining to heavy industry, consumer goods and food-stuff. More than 80% of products manufactured in the Ural economic region are means of production.
The region occupies the second place in export of Russia. The share of Ural region in the total volume of export production of the Russian Federation is about 22%.
The Urals region has been quick to attract both direct and financial investment in a number of sectors. An examination of the foreign investors already there shows the wide variety of opportunities available. There is Austrian and German involvement in one of the largest and most profitable metallurgical plants in the world - located in the Nizhnig Tagil; Finish joint ventures in the field of wood processing and veneer export as well as sulphur-copper mining operations in Bashkortostan. A long-term project is being undertaken by Australian mining companies. The British are involved in the nuclear industry in the form of a joint venture to increase the export of radioactive isotope rods from a major chemical plant in Chelyabinsk. These are just a few of the activities carried out in the region.
A profound transition is occurring in the economy of the region which brings many problems. Due to its long period of isolation from the outside world and the rest of Russia, the region is poorly equipped to meet the needs of foreign business people and tourists. There are inadequate hotels, few restaurants, a lack of financial services and poor communications. Although it is necessary to add that rapid changes and improvements are taking place we have yet to witness the "MacDonaldisation" of the region, or any other type of visible Westernisation. The United States set up a consulate in the city of Yekaterinburg in 1992. They have outlined the areas most profitable for US investment as being aeronautics and space, oil and gas, medical equipment pharmaceuticals and telecommunications. Below I examine each in turn.
Plants formerly used for producing engines, radar systems, aircraft parts, avionics, guidance systems and electronic components remain under-utilised. Many foreign joint ventures are already using this excess capacity to produce consumer electronics and different types of machinery. Since the break-up of the national airline Aeroflot, demands for aircraft components in the region has increased dramatically. Foreign joint ventures with local firms are still unable to meet this new demand from the many new airlines of the former Soviet Union.
Western petrochemical and exploration companies believe that there are huge oil reserves in either the Tyumen or Khanty-Mansiskregions which stretch far to the north and east to Siberia. Major US companies exploring the area at present include Texaco, Amoco and Exxon. However, significant deposits in Perm and Bashkortostan have not received the same attention as those in other areas of the CIS, allowing smaller exploration companies a significant advantage. The two newly discovered fields have a total of 535 oil deposits, with overall reserves of 1.8 billion tons in 1991.
Although the chemical industry is highly developed, efforts have so far not been switched to pharmaceutical production . Conversion of the defensive industry to civilian production is repaying large dividends in the area of medical equipment . For example, a former missile production plant near Yekaterinburg now produces orthopaedic waterbeds at a fraction of western prices; a former navigation equipment facility now produces dental and respiratory treatment equipment for export to the third world.
Former military plants have been converting their production in order to meet the rapidly growing demand for high quality telecommunications to update Russia's telephone network, parts of which date back to the time of the Czars.
Foreign companies have aided this process. Alcatel and Siemens have set up joint ventures to produce telecommunications equipment and telephone exchanges based in Izhevsk. A new telephone system is developing in Yekaterinburg backed by a German consortium. An American company, US West, are establishing a digital cellular system based in Perm and Bashkortostan. In addition US Sprint has established a communications node in Yekaterinburg providing subscribers with electronic mail, fax, telex and data links.
It would not be unfair to say that the Russian legal system is the most complicated and bureaucratic in the world. Suffice to say that there are special rules, exceptions, prohibitions and decrees coming into effect almost every day and trying to stay in touch with every development borders on futility. The following sections describe some of the most important laws and regulations which foreign investors should take into account.
Importers of goods into Russia are subject to import duties and excise taxes and are obliged to pay these fees at Russian customs entry points. Previously, importers had been able to fax border customs officials a guarantee of payment; collection of all fees was then carried out by customs officials when goods reached their final destination. A document entitled garantinoe obyzateltsvo (obligatory guarantee of payment), certifying that the importer of the goods will pay applicable levies, may be required by Russian Customs authorities before goods can enter the country.
This year, the Central Bank of Russia, in an effort to stem the tide of fraudulent contracts for imports into Russia and to disguise capital flight from Russia abroad, has instituted an 'import passport' system. Russian exports that are included in such a system include many goods beyond high-priced metals and oil. Hard currency cannot be legally sent abroad without written documentation from the foreign supplier's bank of payment for a specific import contract. The importer will have 180 days either to document the entry of the goods with the Russian Customs Service in accordance with the stipulations of the contract and 'passport' or return the hard currency issued in payment.
Since July 1, 1995 the minimum rate of import tariffs is 5% except for a small number of duty-free goods and the maximum is 30% except for luxury goods.
VAT is now applied at a standard rate of 20%.
According to the TACIS report compiled for the European Commission in 1993, there is a great need for modernisation and restructuring in the food production and processing sectors. Processing equipment and technical expertise is still urgently needed. Most Russian food processing companies lack the necessary capital for the most urgent investments, and cannot bring their efficiency or quality of production up to Western European standards. As an intermediate measure, they seek to invest in imported second-hand technology, intending to gradually amass the capital necessary for advanced equipment.
Russian food products are now regaining their popularity with Russian consumers after the novelty of many foreign products has worn off. Processed foods still find an attractive and very lucrative market in the Urals region. Food items of high quality, including alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages are in great demand.
In comparison to Ireland agriculture and agribusiness in the region is poorly developed. The European Commission has launched the TACIS programme to offer training for farm managers to enable them to thrive under free market conditions.
Many state farms are being privatised in the form of joint stock companies, producers co-operatives or private farms. The TACIS programme took over two farms for demonstration purposes as models of farm management. TACIS commonly employ simple modifications to the production processes of a farm in order to maximise yields and profits. As a result of the labyrinthine bureaucracy of the Soviet system, farm managers lack any understanding of the concept of scare resources.
Experts from both Britain and Ireland have been working there since 1993, however, both the scale of the logistical problems in this sector of the economy and the nature of the climate in this region will mean that agriculture will continue to rely heavily on imports for some time to come.
The Urals Defense industry was the first to suffer from the collapse in military spending after the end of the cold war. It is estimated that the region's 260 Defense plants produced more than 10% of world arms exports during the nineteen-eighties. Many towns in the region were established with one or two weapons plants as their only industry. They now have no other industry into which they can diversify, the result that many of the high-tech military plants are being forced to produce low-tech household goods in order to ensure their survival.
The quality of management and level of technology in these plants is usually higher than in consumer goods plants and therefore the productivity levels are also usually higher. One striking example of the type of transformation that is taking place would be the manufacturer of aircraft navigation systems that changed to producing electric drills and radios. These product lines now account for sixty percent of their revenues. Many firms our now facing the choice of whether to take the risk of converting to civilian production or to wait in hope for more arms sales.
Many Defense firms have no choice but to convert. For this reason they seek Western involvement. Technical knowledge and managerial expertise, especially in marketing are also urgently needed.
The main city of Ekaterinburg possesses five main thermal power stations utilising low grade fuel. They provide the city with both heat, which is vitally important in a city with average winter temperatures of -15o Celsius as well as electric power. The consumption of power is highly uneconomical as the city consumes more than 30-40% more power than a Western European city of comparable size and climate.
The Soviet-era practise of subsidies to keep energy prices artificially low remains. The predominant use of low-grade fuels causes a great deal of pollution in the region. The ecology of the whole region is threatened with collapse if energy production continues in present way.
Technical assistance is urgently needed in this sector to allow the use of more cost efficient sources of energy and power generation and to deal with environmental damage.
In June 1995 an international conference was held in Ekaterinburg on the mining industry in the Urals. Conference participants, including many large foreign mining companies reported that the Urals is the most successful mining region in Russia. The success of reforms in this region depend largely on its ability to attract foreign investments. Current mining practices are largely obsolete and transition to new methods will require considerable funding. While the industry is in crisis, there are very significant opportunities for investment. Mr. Boris Alyoshin, deputy head of the Urals Geological Committee spoke of the need for investment in gold mining, waste land reclamation and coal production as being especially pressing.
In general the service industry in the region has been neglected. There is an acute need to develop this sector in order to support the demands of new Russian private sector businesses, newly privatised industries and foreign investors. Banking, financial services and telecommunications are developing rapidly with foreign investment, but other basic services such as housing are very poor by our standards. the housing sector is in desperate need of development, but as yet there are no concrete plans proposed by any development agency.
All types of consumer goods, as stated previously, are in great demand. Basic household and hardware goods such as paint, wallpaper, other fixtures and fittings of western quality including bathroom suites and pluming accessories are desired. Low- to medium-priced white goods and home and office furniture are especially needed. Growth in the market for clothing and footwear, which was expanding rapidly over the past couple of years has now slowed down, but there is still a rising demand for high price, high quality items.
An indicator of the very favourable opportunities available in the region is the report given by the American Embassy in Moscow in 1994. It says "The US decided to open a consulate in this region for three main reasons. First, the region encompasses a quarter of the population of Russia and many of the most advanced industrial enterprises. Second, the region excels in the fields of metallurgy, metal processing, nuclear physics, chemicals, machine building, and space and aeronautical technology. Third, the region is also rich in natural and mineral resources, including some of the largest oil and gas fields in the world, major deposits of copper, timber, iron ore, coal, manganese and precious stones. This combination of industrial and natural wealth offers considerable opportunities for foreign businesses and the US is committed to ensuring that American businesses share in this".
However the hard fact remains that doing business with Russia is no easy task, for the reasons mentioned earlier. In addition, the problems of language, culture and distance are greater than anywhere else in Europe. There is assistance available from Bord Trachtala and trading companies such as Russtrade for firms wishing to invest in the Urals region. My hope is that Irish and European investors can avail of the enormous opportunities that are opening up in Russia's treasure house.
Sverdlovsk region (district) occupies the leading place in the economic system of Russia and the Ural economic region. The area of Sverdlovsk region is 194,3 thousand square km, population is more than 4,7 million. Sverdlovsk region occupies the second place in Russia in industrial production and the third place concerning size of population.
Sverdlovsk region lies in the central and the northern part of the Ural economic region and partly on the West-Siberian Plain. The border between Europe and Asia passes through Sverdlovsk region. The region lies in the center of railroads crossroads. It is rich in mineral resources. 2/3 of the territory of the region is covered with forests. Cultivated land occupies 2.75 million hectares.
There are 44 cilies and 98 settlements. The biggest cities are Ekaterinburg (population 1,4 million), Nizhnij Tagil (0.44 million), Kamensk-Uralskij (more than 0.2 million).
Sverdlovsk region holds the leading position in the country conserning amount of production funds and the number of persons working in production sector. Index of concentration of industry is 4 times higher than average concentration index in Russia. Basic branches are machine building , ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, metal-working industry, wood and timber-processing industry.
Ekateringurg (Yeaterinburg), the center of Sverdlovsk region, has many air-routes which connect the city with 130 cities of Russia and other countries. The length of motor roads is 9500 km, more than 80% of the roads have solid surface.
More than 500 enterprises of Sverdlovsk region are engaged in external economic activities. Among them there are joint-ventures, foreign firms and other organizations, engaged in foreign trade. Contacts with German, Canadian, American, Italian, English firms have been established. Enterprises of the region export their products in more than 80 countries of the world, to all states of Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), to all regions and republics of Russia.
Yekaterinburg, formerly (1924-91) Sverdlovsk, city and administrative centre of Sverdlovsk oblast (province), west-central Russia. It lies along the Iset River, which is a tributary of the Tobol River, and on the eastern slope of the Ural Mountains. Yekaterinburg is situated 1,036 miles (1,667 km) east of Moscow.
Near the village of Shartash, which was founded in 1672 by members of the Russian sect of Old Believers, an ironworks was established in 1721 and a fortress in 1722. In 1723 the new settlement was named Yekaterinburg after of Catherine I, Peter’s I the Great wife. The town grew as the administrative centre for all the ironworks of the Urals region, and its importance increased after 1783, when the Great Siberian Highway was built through it. After 1878 the Trans-Siberian Railroad linked the city with Siberia. After the Russian Revolution of 1917 (October), Yekaterinburg achieved notoriety as the scene of the execution of the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his family in July 1918. In 1924 it was renamed Sverdlovsk after of the Bolshevik leader Yakov M. Sverdlov, but the city reverted to its original name in 1991.
Modern Yekaterinburg is one of the major industrial centres of Russia, especially for heavy engineering. Metallurgical and chemical machinery, turbines, diesels, and ball bearings head a long list of engineering products manufactured there. Some steel is also made in the city. The chemical and rubber-tire industries are well developed, and there is a range of light industries, including a traditional one of gem cutting. The city, laid out on a regular gridiron pattern, sprawls across the valley of the Iset--there dammed to form a series of small lakes--and the low, surrounding hills.
Yekaterinburg is an important railway junction, with lines radiating from it to all parts of the Urals and the rest of Russia. The city is the leading cultural centre of the Urals and has numerous institutions of higher education, including the Urals A.M. Gorky State University (founded 1920), a conservatory, and polytechnic, mining, forestry, agricultural, law, medical, and teacher-training institutes. The Urals branch of the Academy of Sciences and many scientific-research establishments are also located there. The populaton (1993 est.) 1,358,000.
Chelyabinsk was founded as a fortress in 1736 on the site of a Bashkir village; it became a town in 1787. First a local centre of an agricultural region, it began to grow with the coming of the Trans-Siberian Railroad in 1894-96. Thereafter growth was continuous; it was greatly stimulated by the eastward evacuation of industry in World War II. Today Chelyabinsk is the major focus of the southern half of the Urals industrial region, well served by rail connections to other industrial cities.
One of the most important industrial centres of Russia, it has large ironworks and steelworks, a zinc refinery, a ferroalloys plant, chemical industries, and a wide range of heavy- and medium-engineering industries, producing steel pipes and pressings, bulldozers, scrapers, tractors, industrial machinery, and machine tools. The first natural gas from Urengoy, the largest Siberian gas field in operation, reached Chelyabinsk in 1979. Chelyabinsk has a university and a large polytechnic institute as well as medical, teacher-training, and agricultural-mechanization institutes and many scientific-research institutes. There are also an opera, ballet, and other theatres and a philharmonic hall. Population (1994 est.) is 1,124,500.
Perm, formerly Molotov (1940-57), city and administrative centre of Perm oblast (province), western Russia. The city stands on both banks of the Kama River below its confluence with the Chusovaya.
In 1723 a copper-smelting works was founded at the village of Yegoshikha (founded 1568), at the junction of the Yegoshikha and Kama rivers. In 1780 the settlement of Yegoshikha became the town of Perm, although another town, Perm Velikaya (Perm the Great; now Cherdyn), had existed 150 miles (240 km) upstream since the 14th century. Perm's position on the navigable Kama River, leading to the Volga, and on the Great Siberian Highway (established in 1783) across the Ural Mountains helped it become an important trade and manufacturing centre. It also lay along the Trans-Siberian Railroad, which was completed to Yekaterinburg in 1878. Perm grew considerably as industrialization proceeded in the Urals during the Soviet period.
Modern Perm, which extends for approximately 30 miles (50 km) along the high riverbanks, is still a major railway hub and one of the chief industrial centres of the Urals region. The city's diversified metallurgical and engineering industries produce equipment and machine tools for the petroleum and coal industries, as well as agricultural machinery. A major petroleum refinery uses oil transported by pipeline from the West Siberian oilfields, and the city's large chemical industry makes fertilizers and dyes. Power is supplied by a 500,000-kilowatt hydroelectric station on the Kama just north of the city. The city's institutions of higher education include the Perm A.M. Gorky State University, founded in 1916. There are several theatres, a notable art gallery, and a school of ballet. Perm gives its name to the Permian Period (from 286 to 245 million years ago), which was first identified in geologic strata in the locality. Population (1994 est.) is 1,086,100.
UFA, city and capital, Bashkortostan republic, western Russia. It lies along the Belaya (White) River just below its confluence with the Ufa River. A defensive site in a loop formed by the two rivers led to the foundation there of a fortress in 1574 to protect the trade route across the Ural Mountains from Kazan to Tyumen. It became a town in 1586 and derived importance from this trade route. Ufa grew rapidly in the 20th century as a major manufacturing centre, stimulated by the development of the Volga-Urals oil field. In 1956 its satellite town of Chernikovsk, a few miles to the northeast, with oil refineries and petrochemical industries, was united with Ufa. Synthetic rubber, polyethylene, herbicides, and other products are made there.
Ufa itself has large engineering industries making power and mining machinery, electrical apparatus, telephones, and typewriters. There are also timber-processing industries--making furniture, veneer, prefabricated houses, and matches--and various food industries. Ufa is a major focus of rail and road lines and oil and gas pipelines at the head of navigation on the Belaya. The city is strung out for almost 25 miles (40 km) along the river on the high right bank, but it has extended onto the lower river terrace and across to the low left bank. It is an important cultural centre, with a university, several technical institutes, and numerous scientific-research establishments. Population (1991 est.) is 1,097,000.
Orenburg, formerly (1938-57) CHKALOV, city and administrative centre of Orenburg oblast (province), western Russia, on the Ural River at the Sakmara confluence. Founded as a fortress in 1735 at the Ural-Or confluence, where Orsk now stands, it was moved to its present site in 1743. It was originally the military centre of the Ural Cossacks, and its commercial importance grew with trade to Central Asia, especially after the railway from Kuybyshev (now Samara) was built in 1871-73. Modern Orenburg has major engineering industries, producing heavy-industrial and agricultural machinery; it manufactures a range of consumer goods and foodstuffs. It also has gas-processing facilities. The city has teacher-training, medical, and agricultural institutes. The population (1989 prelim.) is 547,000.
Magnitogorsk, city, southwestern Siberian Russia, a railroad center on the Ural River. In the city is one of the largest Russian iron and steel works (opened in the 1930s); other manufactures include machinery, cement, and glass. Magnitorgorsk was laid out in 1929 (during the Soviet Union's first five-year plan) in a magnetite-producing region including adjacent Mount Magnitnaya. Nearby iron-ore resources have since been depleted, and ore is imported from other areas. The population (1990 estimate) is 443,000.
Nizhny Tagil, also spelled NIZNIJ TAGIL, city, Sverdlovsk oblast (province), western Russia. Nizhny Tagil lies along the Tagil River. One of the oldest smelting centres of the Ural Mountains region, it was founded in 1725 in connection with the construction of a metallurgical factory that used the iron ore of Vysokaya Gora. It became a city in 1917 and is now an important iron and steel centre noted for metallurgy and engineering. The city's manufactures include machine tools, railway cars, and building materials. Teacher-training and mining colleges are located in the city, along with an applied-arts college and a regional museum. Population (1995 est.) is 409,400.
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Distribution Optimal Channels program DOC Program industry Ural region Russia Ural Chamber of Commerce and Industry distributor dealer agent network representative investment business sale certification co-operation database contract marketing survey Description of Distribution and Optimal Channels program - DOC Program,industry development,attract investors to Ural region,efficient distribution (trade) channels,competitive industrial products and companies,co-operation,Ural Chamber of Commerce and Industry,search of distribution opportunities in Ural region,entrepreneurs specialists,Russian market,partner/employee,internship,implementation of distribution/dealer/investment projects in Ural region,applications,different regions of the United States / European Union and Ural,communication,administration,e-mail,fax and phone,openness and transparency of Ural region of Russia for international companies and investors,Ural government,joint ventures,international business,real capital in Ural economy,foreign companies,evaluate the potential of the Russian market,work / internship,Russia,low risk alternative for establishing a qualified representative,increasing sales in the region,certifying products,connecting with a dealer or agent network in Russia,contacting with a marketing consultancy,trade,technological and investment opportunities for co-operation. Personal contacts,interest in the Russian market,Ural markets,product quality,technology or service,Russian managers,international business backgrounds,sufficient technical knowledge and advanced communicative skills in English,internship / temporary employment,company's products,further support of the trainees,projects in Ural region,candidates (trainees),existing database,curriculum vitas,company negotiates,concludes a contract,organizational problems,internship period,supervisor,performing projects,carrying out marketing surveys,promoting the sales in some regions of Russia,processing non-commercial papers,PC data processing,assisting other managers,managing a store,submits to all requirements,product and practical (sales) methods of promotion,internal management standards,team work,continue the co-operation,qualified representative,certifying products,arranging dealer or agent network,selected trainees,organizational costs,additional language preparation,traveling expenses,insurance fee,accommodation costs,salary,living standards,residential area,living expenses for house,food and transport,Yekaterinburg,Ekaterinburg,Moscow,St. Peterburg,Ural,Russia,Russian